L’Art d’aimer de Gentil-Bernard : Publication, contrefaçon, médiatisation

Peer reviewe

Genève, Paris ou Rouen? Quel modèle pour les contrefaçons liégeoises du Caffé et d’Olympie de Voltaire?

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Treatment using chalybs, according to Johannes Hartmann and Eberhard Gockel : A remedy against diseases of the liver and the spleen in 17th century Germany.

This short and prospective article deals with Johannes Hartmann (1568-1631), who is reputed as having been the first professor of chemistry at the University of Marburg. ‘For Hartmann’, Bruce T. Moran has written, ‘the road to the laboratory of chemical medicine in Marburg began in Kassel, at the court of the university’s protector, the Landgrave Moritz of Hesse (1572-1632)’. Having studied at Wittenberg, Hartmann was appointed as a mathematician in Kassel and was chosen to fill the chair of mathematics when the incumbent died. He received a medical degree in 1606 and ‘began a brief correspondence with the French Paracelsian, Joseph Duchesne (Quercetanus) (c. 1544-1609), who had visited Kassel in 1604’. Moritz had become captivated by the study of occult philosophy, especially in relation to alchemy, and was well on his way to amassing an extensive collection of alchemical, Cabbalistic, and Paracelsian manuscripts, and to fashioning a court circle of alchemical and medical adepts. Thus, ‘in 1608, he enthusiastically received a suggestion from Hartmann for founding a collegium chymicum at Marburg’ and he ‘chose to invest Hartmann with a new university role and a new title – Professor publicus chymiatriae’

The treatment by the chalybs according to Johannes Hartmann et Eberhard Gockel. A remedy against the diseases of the liver and the spleen in Germany in the XVIIth century

peer reviewedAu début des temps modernes, le chalybs « acier » était réduit en poudre ou en limaille comme médicament, intégré dans diverses préparations. deux médecins allemands du dix-septièmsiècle, plus ou moins attachés au système de paracelse, Johannes hartmann et eberhard Gockel, l’utilisent pour soigner des « obstructions du foie », l’hydropisie, en tant qu’elle était aussi liée à un dysfonctionnement du même organe, ou des affections de la rate. On fournit un exemple d’une telle affection qui touche l’utérus, dont le médecin tente d’expliquer le processus physiologique. une autre utilisation du chalybs concerne la cesssation des règles, considérée comme une des causes du cancer. on étend la perspective d’enquête par un essai de comparaison entre l’utilisation allemande du chalybs et celle enregistrée en Italie et en Angleterre, en abordant la question lexicale que posent des termes comme cancer, cancrosus, cancerus, cancrous, etc.In early modern times, the chalybs « steel » was reduced as a drug in powder or flings to be integrated in various preparations. two German physicians of the seventeenth century, more or less attached to the Paracelsus’ system, Johannes hartmann and Eberhard Gockel, use it to cure « obstructions of the liver », dropsy, as it was also linked to a disturbance of the liver, or diseases of the spleen. We provide an example of the latter in relationship with the uterus, about which the physician tries to explain the physiological process. another resort to chalybs treats with the cessation of the menses, considered as one of the causes of cancer. the inquiry is extended by a comparison between the German use of the chalybs and the latter as it is related in Italy and England, with a lexical questioning about the terms cancer, cancrosus, cancerus, cancrous, et

Algaron. Itinéraires d’un charlatan en Bretagne au xviiie siècle

De nombreux vendeurs de drogues médicinales parcoururent la Bretagne au xviiie siècle. L’un des plus connus est Algaron Toscano, héritier d’une tradition de marchands ambulants italiens remontant au xviie siècle. Les Archives de la Société royale de médecine témoignent de son activité dans plusieurs villes de Bretagne – Saint-Malo, Brest, Josselin – mais aussi Chaillot et Saint-Quentin, entre 1779 et 1785. Algaron distribue des prospectus présentant un « dépuratif du sang » censé soigner diverses affections, dont le « cancer ». Cet article étudie les procédés d’accréditation utilisés pour convaincre le public de l’efficacité du remède, ainsi que certains caractères techniques des thérapies proposées, par rapport à la médecine académique contemporaine. Le nom d’Algaron est souvent associé à celui d’un autre charlatan, Grassy, qui vend également un anti-cancéreux. L’historien américain Matthew Ramsey signale sa présence à Nantes, Rennes, Guingamp, Quintin, Morlaix, Josselin, etc., mais aussi, s’il s’agit du même marchand, en Île-de-France, Thiérache et Gascogne. Son activité est évoquée à Lamballe en 1786, où une « pancarte » fait état des « noms de personnes qu’il a guéries depuis qu’il est à Nantes ». D’autres « empiriques » proposant en Bretagne des remèdes contre « la plus cruelle des maladies » sont mentionnés. Algaron, confronté à la réglementation beaucoup plus sourcilleuse qu’établit la Société royale de médecine, créée en 1778, modifia-t-il ou fit-il mine de modifier son commerce, pour se conformer aux nouvelles exigences concernant les « remèdes à secrets » ? On le voit en tout cas distribuer des produits répondant aux souhaits et recommandations de l’hygiénisme montant.Many travelling merchants sold medical drugs throughout Britany during the 18th century. One of best known was Algaron Toscano, the heir of a family tradition that went back to the 17th century. The Archives of the Société royale de médecine reveal his activity in several Breton towns — Saint-Malo, Brest, Josselin — but also in Chaillot and Saint-Quentin, between 1779 and 1785. Algaron handed out leaflets that promoted a “blood depurant” that “cured” many diseases, among which “cancer”. This article considers the process of accreditation used to convince his audience of the efficiency of his remedy, as well as some of the technical characteristics of his therapies, with regard to contemporary academic medicine. Algaron’s name is often associated with another quack, Grassy, who also sold an anti-cancerous remedy. The American historian Matthew Ramsey reports his presence in Nantes, Rennes, Guingamp, Quintin, Morlaix, Josselin, etc., but also, if the name refers to the same person, in Île-de-France, Thiérache and Gascony. This study looks at his activity in Lamballe, in 1786, where a “placard” listed the “names of persons he has cured since he is in Nantes” and other “empiricists” who proposed remedies against “the most cruel disease”. Did Algaron, facing the far more demanding regulation established by the Royal Society of Medicine, created in 1778, modify or pretend to change his commerce, to meet the new requirements concerning “secret remedies”? He certainly sold products that matched the wishes and recommendations of the rising interest in hygiene

Dostoïevski in the Belgian press (1875-1900)

peer reviewedLa découverte de l’œuvre de Dostoïevski en Belgique est considérée ici dans divers aspects de sa dimension sociale : criminalité, politique carcérale, justice, histoire de l’art, etc. La vogue du roman slave donne lieu à l’évocation des rapports entre socialisme, matérialisme, nihilisme, philosophie à l’allemande et « libé ralisme à l’anglaise », en référence à Moleschott, Büchner, Schopenhauer ou au journal Kolokol. La défense d’Humiliés et offensés est illustrée par l’activisme politique de socialistes belges ou hollandais, dans des journaux « libéraux » comme La Réforme, qui signale une correspondance ethnique entre les Russes et les Wallons, rapprochés par une histoire victimaire. Mais les périodiques destinés à la bourgeoisie, comme Le Soir, opposent surtout au régime d’oppression qui règne en Russie la liberté dont est censée jouir la population belge. Il arrive aussi que la question du crime conduise à une interrogation sur la légitimité du tyrannicide, à propos du cas d’un « Raskolnikov italien », et que la presse interroge, à propos de Sonia, le regard porté par la bonne société sur la prostitution.Dostoevsky in the Belgian Press (1875-1900) The discovery of Dostoevsky’s work in Belgium helped discuss social issues such as criminality, prison policy, justice, art history, etc. The vogue for Slavic novels led to a general discussion over the connections between socialism, materialism, nihilism, German-style philosophy and “English-style liberalism”, with references to the works of Moleschott, Büchner, and Schopenhauer, or to the journal Kolokol. The defence of The Insulted and Injured was in strumentalized by Belgian and Dutch socialists as a part of their political activism. “Liberal” newspapers like La Réforme, for instance, used it to point out an ethnic resemblance be tween Russians and Walloons, who shared a similar history of victimhood. Periodicals in tended for a bourgeois readership, such as Le Soir, discussed Dostoevsky too, in order to contrast the oppressive regime prevailing in Russia with the freedom supposedly enjoyed by the people of Belgium. The question of crime, so central to Dostoevsky, helped discuss whether tyrannicide is legitimate, as in the case of an “Italian Raskolnikov”. Finally, discussing Sonia helped the Belgian press reflect on the attitude of polite society towards prostitution

Pompholyx, chalybs et cancer en Italie à l'aube des temps modernes

In the first centuries AD, Dioscorides and Galen imposed the idea that pompholyx or cadmia, which comes from brass made red-hot in furnaces, were appropriate for curing diseases of the eye. At the Renaissance, another metallic product, chalybs “steel”, started to compete with the traditional drugs prescribed for ocular disorders, and its therapeutic virtues extended to other diseases, notably to one of the most dreaded of all: carcinoma or cancer. This article tries to retrace how, in Italy, during the sixteenth century, a change occurred which led from the ancient use of metallic medications to a completely different one by a series of gradual transformations. This change reflects the competition which opposes the flowering of the sciences in the most brilliant universities of Italy and a revolution in the general paradigm of European medicin